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Gladiator [2000]
Country of Origin: USA
Year of Production: 2000
Running Times: 156 mins
Format: Technicolor Super 35mm
[anamorphic]
Ratio: 2.35:1
Sound: Dolby EX 6.1 DTS
SDDS
CREDITS
PRODUCTION
Production Companies: DreamWorks SKG / Scott Free Productions / Universal
Pictures
Executive Producers: Laurie MacDonald, Walter F. Parkes, Steven Spielberg
[uncredited]
Producers: David H. Franzoni, Branko Lustig, Douglas Wick
Associate Producer: Terry Needham
Production Co-Ordinator [Italy]: Laura Cappato
Production Co-Ordinator [Malta]: Sandra Odelga
Assistant Production Co-Ordinator [Malta]: Snjezana Tepsic
Production Co-Ordinator [Morocco]: Winnie Wishart
2nd Unit Production Supervisor: Brian Cook
SCRIPT
Script: David Franzoni, John Logan, William Nicholson
Story: David Franzoni
DIRECTION
Director: Ridley Scott
2nd Assistant Director: Adam Somner
PHOTOGRAPHY
Director of Photography: John Mathieson
2nd Unit Director of Photography: Alexander Witt
Camera Operator "A" Camera: Peter Taylor
Camera Operator "B" Camera: Klemens Becker
2nd Unit Camera Operator "A" Camera: Clive Jackson
2nd Unit Camera Operator "B" Camera: Branko Knez
D&E Camera Operators [Malta]: Ben Gooder, Felix Schroer
Camera Focus Puller [Malta]: Nick Penn
Focus Puller "A" Camera: Simon Hume
Focus Puller "B" camera: Sascha Mieke
Focus Puller [Malta]: Tim Fleming
Focus Puller [UK]: Ashley Bond
2nd Unit Focus Puller "A" Camera: Keith McNamara
2nd Unit Focus Puller "B" Camera: Zoran Mikincic Budin
Clapper Loader: Ciro Candia
Clapper Loader "A" Camera: Craig Bloor
Clapper Loader "B" camera: Tom McFarling
Clapper Loaders [Malta]: Donald Crisp, Holger Joos
Clapper Loader [UK]: Derek Walker
Video Operator: Lester Dunton
2nd Unit Video Operator: John Bowman
Gaffer: Roger Lowe
Assistant Gaffer: Andy Cole
Key Grips: David Appleby, Rupert Lloyd-Parry
Grips [Malta]: Drago Ijubic, Dubravko Topol, Josip Matausic, Nenad Sokac,
Vlado Rukavina
2nd Unit Grip: Malcolm Huse
Camera Grip: Philip Murphy
Best Boy Grip: Adrian McCarthy
Camera Technician: Agapios Louka
Colour Timer: Dale E. Grahn
Crane Operator: Colin Hazell
Electricians: Dave McWhinney, Fred Todd, Gary Nagle, Vic Chandler
Electricians [Malta]: Damir Radinovic, Dean Brkic, Giancarlo McDonnell,
Istvan Denc, Samir Kadric, Stjepan 'Stef' Vrbanic, Vlado Ceh, Zeljko
Vrscak
Electrician [Morocco]: Tahar Ajoualil
Electrical Rigger [UK]: Nobby Clarke
Generator Operator: David Bruce
Malta Generator Operator: Alan Coates
UK Generator Operator: Mark Hutton
Head Of Department Rigger [Malta]: Steve Sansom
Rigging Electrical Best Boy: Terry Eden
Rigging Electrical Gaffers: Alan Williams, Larry S. Prinz
Rushes Timer: Keith Bryant
Stills: Jaap Buitendijk
Lighting: Lee Lighting Ltd
Camera Equipment : Panavision Cameras and Lenses
Laboratory: Technicolor
Raw Stock: Kodak
EDITING
Editor: Pietro Scalia
1st Assistant Editor: Michael Reynolds
Assistant Editor: Fulvio Valsangiacomo
Apprentice Editor [UK]: Andrew Haigh
Apprentice Editor: Steven R. Sacks
Editorial Trainee: Robert Drwila
Negative Cutter: Kona Cutting
MUSIC
Executive In Charge Of Music: Todd Homme
Music: Hans Zimmer
Additional Music: Lisa Gerrard, Klaus Badelt
Vocalist: Lisa Gerrard
Conductor: Gavin Greenaway
Music Co-Ordinator: London: Maggie Rodford
Music Production Co-Ordinator: Gretchen O'Neal
Music Supervisor: Adam Milo Smalley
Orchestra Contracted By: Tonia Davall
Orchestrators: Bruce Fowler, Ladd McIntosh, Yvonne S. Moriarty
Score Mixer: Alan Meyerson
Score Producer: Klaus Badelt
Technical Score Advisors: Justin Caine Burnett, Marc Streitenfeld
SOUND
Assistant Engineer: Bruno Roussel
Second Engineers: Gregg Silk, Jake Jackson, Kevin Globerman, Nick Wollage,
Slamm Andrews
MAKE UP AND COSTUMES
Costume Designer: Janty Yates
Assistant Costume Designer: Samantha Howarth
Costume Supervisor: Rosemary Burrows
Costumers [Malta]: Bridget Kenningham, Maria Hubackova, Michael Mooney,
Nadja Albert, Stana Slosserova, Yvonne Zarb Cousin, Jana Janková, Marta
Jencova
Wardrobe Supervisor [Morocco]: Sarah Touaibi
Wardrobe Assistant: David J. Evans
Costumer [Malta]: Iiana Kucerova
SPECIAL EFFECTS
Special Effects: Karl
Derrick
VISUAL EFFECTS
Senior Visual Effects Supervisor: John Nelson
Motion Capture Services: AudioMotion Ltd
Mill Film
Visual Effects: Tim Burke, Rob Harvey
DESIGN AND SET CONSTRUCTION
Production Designer: Arthur Max
Supervising Art Director [Malta]: John King
Design Engineers of Buro Happold [Malta]: Paul Romaint, Peter Heppel
Drapery Master: Colin Fox
Drapesman: Stephen Ashby
Draughtsmen [Malta]: Anthony Caron-Delion, Helen Xenopolous, Sarah 'Toad'
Tozer, Alejandro Fernández
Draughtsman [UK]: Julie Philpott
Head Of Department Carpentry [Malta]: Graham Bruce Weames
head of department painter [UK]: Malcolm
Keane
Head of Department Metal Working [Malta]: Michael Howlett
Title Designer: Robert Dawson
MISCELLANEOUS
Script Supervisor: Annie Wotton
2nd Unit Script Supervisor: Nada Pinter
Accountant [Malta]: Christopher Conkling
Assistant Accountant [Malta]: Michael Beaudin
Accountant [Morocco]: Kevin Greene
Accounting Assistant [Malta]: Jennifer Stivala
Accounting Assistants [UK]: Julian Murray, Tabitha Burrill
Associate Production Accountant: Helen Ruiz
Payroll Accountant [Malta]: Mark Bonici
Cashier: Bernardo Galli
Animal Handlers [Malta]: Karen Le Portier, Monique Angeon, Pasquale
Martino, Pietro Rosella
Tiger Trainers [Malta]: Carmel Flores, Randy Miller
Supervising Armourer: Simon Atherton
Armourers: Alan Hausmann, Paul Castleman, Tommy Dunne, William Englefield
Armourer for Crowe: Ivo Coveney
Assistant to Doug Wick: David A. Schreiber
Assistant to Ridley Scott: Anne Lai
Assistants to Hans Zimmer: James Michael Dooley, Michael Alexander,
Moanike'ala Nakamoto
Catering Supervisor [Malta]: Robin Demetriou
Copyist: Tony Stanton
Dialect Coach: Judy Dickerson
Transportation Manager [Malta]: Dubravko Petrovic
Assistant Transportation Manager [Malta]: Zdenko Sertic
Driver for Ridley Scott: John Coleman
Floor Supervisor: Paul Corbould
Machine Room [Final Dub]: Andrea Lakin-Elisyan, Robin Johnston
Production Assistants [Malta]: Andrew Debono, Brano Kollar, David Byrne
Production Consultant [Malta]: Albert Galea
Supervising Carpenter Action Vehicles [Malta]: Colin Osgood
Unit Publicist: Rob Harris
Servicing Company: C.& L. Co Limited [Malta]
LOCATIONS
Locations: Ait Benhaddou, Quarzazate, Morocco; Alabama Hills, Lone Pine,
California, USA; Italy; Malta; The Bourne, Farnham, Surrey, England,
UK
Location Manager [Malta]: Mike Higgins
Location Manager [Morocco]: Jeremy Johns
Location Manager [UK]: Terry Blyther
Assistant Location Manager [UK]: Mark Somner
Location Co-Ordinator [Malta]: Mavis Formosa
CASTING
Casting [UK]: Kathleen Mack
Casting [Morocco]: Mustapha Charjf
Casting Associate: Stephanie Corsalini
STUNTS
Fight Master: Nicholas Powell
CAST
Russell Crowe [Maximus Decimus Meridius]
Joaquin Phoenix [Commodus]
Connie Nielsen [Lucilla]
Oliver Reed [Proximo]
Richard Harris [Marcus Aurelius]
Derek Jacobi [Gracchus]
Djimon Hounsou [Juba]
David Schofield [Falco]
John Shrapnel
[Gaius]
Tomas Arana [Quintus]
Ralph Moeller [Hagen]
Spencer Treat Clark [Lucius]
David Hemmings [Cassius]
Tommy Flanagan [Cicero]
Sven-Ole Thorsen [Tigris of Gaul]
Omid Djalili [slave trader]
Nicholas McGaughey [Praetorian officer]
Chris Kell [scribe]
Tony Curran [assassin 1]
Mark Lewis [assassin 2]
John Quinn [Valerius]
Alun Raglan [Praetorian guard 1]
David Bailie [engineer]
Chick Allen [German leader]
David Nicholls [giant man]
Al Hunter Ashton [Rome trainer 1]
Billy Dowd [narrator]
Ray Calleja [Lucius' attendant]
Gianina Facio [Maximus' wife]
Giorgio Cantarini [Maximus' son]
Christian Simpson [chief catapult operator - uncredited]
SUMMARY
Roman general Maximus Decimus Meridius is betrayed by new Emperor Commodus
who orders his wife and child killed. Maximus escapes the same fate
only to sold into slavery. From there, he becomes a champion gladiator,
plots his revenge against Commodus and dreams of the day he will rejoin
his family in Elyssium.
CAPSULE REVIEW
A return to form for Scott, his best film since Blade Runner
[1982] and the first real epic on this scale in donkey's years. With
a fabulous central performance from Crowe as the vengeful Maximus, some
of the most beautiful visuals ever scene in a mainstream Hollywood movie
and unbelievable action scenes, this is old fashioned movie-making at
its very best. The atmospheric score and haunting visions of the afterlife
are just the icing on the cake.
AVAILABILITY
Argentina
Theatrical Distributor: United International Pictures
Canada
Theatrical Distributor: DreamWorks Distribution L.L.C.
France
Theatrical Distributor: United International Pictures
Iceland
Theatrical Distributor: Myndform
Japan
Theatrical Distributor: United International Pictures
UK
Theatrical Distributor: Universal Pictures
USA
Theatrical Distributor: DreamWorks Distribution L.L.C.
CENSORSHIP HISTORY
Argentina
Rating: 13
Australia
Rating: M
Finland
Rating: K-16
France
Rating: U
Germany
Rating: 16
Hong Kong
Rating: IIB
Netherlands
Rating: 16
New Zealand
Rating: M
Norway
Rating: 15
Portugal
Rating: M/12
Singapore
Rating: PG
Sweden
Rating: 15
Switzerland
Rating: 14
UK
Rating: 15
USA
Rating: R [for intense, graphic combat]
AWARDS
2000
National Board of Review, USA
Best Production Design/Art Direction [Jille Azis (set decorator), Elli
Griff (set decorator), Sonja Klaus (set decorator), Arthur Max (production
desginer), Keith Pain (art director), Peter Russell (art director),
Crispian Sallis (set decorator)] - winner
Best Supporting Actor [Joaquin Phoenix - also for Quills [2000] and
The Yards [2000]]
San Diego Film Critics Society Awards
Best Actor [Russell Crowe] - winner
Best Cinematography [John Mathieson]
2001
Academy Awards, USA
Best Actor in a Leading Role [Russell Crowe] - winner
Best Costume Design [Janty Yates] - winner
Best Visual Effects [John Nelson, Neil Corbould, Tim Burke,
Rob Harvey] - winner
Best Picture [David H. Franzoni, Branko Lustig, Douglas Wick] - winner
Best Sound [Bob Beemer, Scott Millan, Ken Weston] - winner
Best Actor in a Supporting Role [Joaquin Phoenix] - nominated
Best Art Direction-Set Decoration [Arthur Max, Crispian Sallis] - nominated
Best Cinematography [John Mathieson] - nominated
Best Director [Ridley Scott] - nominated
Best Editing [Pietro Scalia] - nominated
Best Music, Original Score [Hans Zimmer] - nominated
Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen [David H. Franzoni,
John Logan, William Nicholson] - nominated
Academy of Science Fiction, Horror and Fantasy Films, USA
Saturn Award: Best Action / Adventure / Thriller Film - nominated
Best Actor [Russell Crowe] - nominated
Best Costume [Janty Yates] - nominated
Best Director [Ridley Scott] - nominated
Best Music [Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer] - nominated
Best Writing [David H. Franzoni, John Logan, William Nicholson] - nominated
American Cinema Editors, USA
Eddie: Best Edited Feature Film - Dramatic [Pietro Scalia] - winner
American Society of Cinematographers, USA
Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases [John
Mathieson] - nominated
ASCAP Film and Television Music Awards
Top Box Office Films [Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer] - winner
Blockbuster Entertainment Awards
Favorite Actor - Action [Russell Crowe] - winner
Favorite Villain [Internet Only] [Joaquin Phoenix] - winner
Favorite Supporting Actor - Action [Djimon Hounsou] - nominated
Favorite Supporting Actress - Action [Connie Nelson] - nominated
British Academy Awards
Audience Award - winner
BAFTA Film AwardBest Cinematography [John Mathieson] - winner
Best Editing [Pietro Scalia] - winner
Best Film [David H. Franzoni, Branko Lustig, Douglas Wick] - winner
Best Production Design [Arthur Max] - winner
Anthony Asquith Award for Film Music [Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer] - nominated
Best Achievement in Special Visual Effects [Tim Burke, Neil Corbould,
Rob Harvey, John Nelson] - nominated
Best Costume Design [Janty Yates] - nominated
Best Make Up / Hair [Paul Engelen, Graham Johnston] - nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role [Russell Crowe] - nominated
Best Screenplay - Original [David H. Franzoni, John Logan, William Nicholson]
- nominated
Best Sound [Bob Beemer, Per Hallberg, Scott Millan, Ken Weston] - nominated
Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role [Joaquin Phoenix, Oliver
Reed] - nominated
David Lean Award for Direction [Ridley Scott] - nominated
Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards
Best Actor [Russell Crowe] - winner
Best Cinematography [John Mathieson] - winner
Best Picture - winner
Best Production Design [Arthur Max] - winner
Best Score [Hans Zimmer - also for The Road to El Dorado [2000] and
Mission: Impossible II [2000]] - winner
Best Supporting Actor [Joaquin Phoenix - also for Quills
[2000] and The Yards [2000]] - winner
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards
Best Cinematography [John Mathieson] - winner
Best Original Score [Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer] - winner
Cinema Audio Society, USA
Outstanding Achievement in Sound Mixing for a Feature Film - nominated
Directors Guild of America, USA
Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures [Ridley Scott]
- nominated
European Film Awards
Five Continents Award [Ridley Scott - USA] - nominated
Golden Globes, USA
Best Motion Picture: Drama - winner
Best Original Score: Motion Picture [Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer] - winner
Best Director: Motion Picture [Ridley Scott] - nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture: Drama [Russell Crowe]
- nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Motion Picture
[Joaquin Phoenix] - nominated
Golden Satellite Awards
Best Cinematography [John Mathieson] - winner
Best Original Score [Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer] - winner
Best Visual Effects [John Nelson] - winner
Best Art Direction [Keith Pain] - nominated
Best Costume Design [Janty Yates] - nominated
Best Director [Ridley Scott] - nominated
Best Film Editing [Pietro Scalia] - nominated
Best Motion Picture, Drama - nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Motion Picture, Drama [Russell Crowe]
- nominated
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role, Drama [Joaquin Phoenix]
- nominated
Golden Screen, Germany
Golden Screen - winner
Grammy Awards
Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or other
Visual Media [Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer] - nominated
Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards
Sierra Award: Best Costume Design [Janty Yates] - winner
Best DVD - winner
Best Editing [Pietro Scalia] - winner
Best Score [Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer] - winner
Best Visual Effects - winner
Best Actor [Russell Crowe] - nominated
Best Cinematography [John Mathieson] - nominated
Best Director [Ridley Scott] - nominated
Best Screenplay, Original [David H. Franzoni, John Logan, William Nicholson]
- nominated
Best Supporting Actor [Joaquin Phoenix - also for Quills
[2000]] - nominated
Best Supporting Actress [Connie Nielsen] - nominated
London Film Critics Circle Awards
Actor of the Year [Russell Crowe - also for The Insider
[1999]] - winner
British Director of the Year [Ridley Scott] - nominated
Film of the Year - nominated
MTV Movie Awards
Best Action Sequence [for the Roman army vs Germanian horde] - winner
Best Fight [Russell Crowe - versus masked opponent and tiger] - winner
Best Line from a Movie [Joaquin Phoenix - for "It vexes me, I am
terribly vexed!"] - winner
Best Male Performance [Russell Crowe] - winner
Best Movie - winner
Best Villain [Joaquin Phoenix] - winner
Motion Picture Sound Editors, USA
Golden Reel Award: Best Sound Editing - Sound Effects & Foley: Domestic
Feature Film [James Ashwill (foley mixer), Christopher Assells (sound
editor), Karen M. Baker (assistant sound editor), Bob Beemer (re-recording
mixer), John T. Cucci (foley artist), Dino Dimuro (sound editor), Richard
Dwan (sound editor), Scott Martin Gershin (sound editor), Nerses Gezalyan
(foley mixer), Per Hallberg (supervising sound editor), Dan Hegeman
(sound editor), Craig S. Jaeger (supervising foley editor), Randy Kelley
(sound editor), Lou Kleinman (sound editor), Lee W. Lebaigue (assistant
sound editor), Linda Lew (foley recordist), Scott Milan (re-recording
mixer), James Moriana (foley artist), Philip D. Morrill (assistant sound
editor), Tony Negrete (assistant sound editor), Dan O'Connell (foley
artist), Mark P. Stoeckinger (sound editor), Jon Title (sound editor),
Jeffrey Wilhoit (foley artist), Greg Zimmerman (foley recordist)] -
winner
Golden Reel Award: Best Sound Editing - Dialogue & A.D.R.: Domestic
Feature Film [David A. Cohen (adr editor/dialogue editor), Simon Coke
(dialogue editor), Laura Graham (ADR editor),
Per Hallberg (supervising sound editor), Chris Jargo (supervising ADR
editor), Lou Kleinman (dialogue editor), Lauren Stephens (dialogue editor)]
- nominated
Best Sound Editing - Music (Foreign & Domestic Features) - nominated
Online Film Critics Society Awards
Best Actor [Russell Crowe] - nominated
Best Cinematography [John Mathieson] - nominated
Best DVD - nominated
Best DVD Commentary - nominated
Best Film Editing [Pietro Scalia] - nominated
Best Original Score [Lisa Gerrard, Hans Zimmer] - nominated
Best Supporting Actor [Joaquin Phoenix] - nominated
PGA Golden Laurel Awards
Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award [Branko Lustig, Douglas Wick]
- winner
Screen Actors Guild Awards
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role [Russell Crowe]
- nominated
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role [Joaquin
Phoenix] - nominated
Outstanding Performance by the Cast of a Theatrical Motion Picture [Russell
Crowe, Richard Harris, Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi, Connie Nielsen,
Joaquin Phoenix, Oliver Reed] - nominated
Society of Motion Picture and Television Art Directors, USA
Award for Excellence in Production DesignFeature Film - Period or Fantasy
Films [David Allday (supervising art director), Carlos Bodelón
(assistant art director), Jose Luis Del Barco (assistant art director),
Benjamín Fernández (supervising art director), John King (supervising
art director), Arthur Max (production designer), Adam O'Neill (art director),
Keith Pain (art director), Peter Russell (art director), Robson, Clifford
(art director)] - winner
World Stunt Awards
Taurus Award: Best Fight [Stuart Clark, Sven-Ole Thorsen] - winner
Best Work with an Animal [Stuart Clark, Sven-Ole Thorsen, Randy Scott
Miller] - winner
Young Artist Awards
Best Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor [Spencer
Treat Clark] - nominated
TIMELINE
2000
May
1: USA - theatrical premiere
4: Australia - theatrical release
5: Mexico, USA - theatrical release
11: Malaysia, Singapore - theatrical release
12: UK - theatrical release
15: Croatia - theatrical release
17: Slovenia - theatrical release
18: Argentina, Czech Republic, Hungary, Israel, Netherlands - theatrical
release
19: Brazil, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Sweden,
Turkey - theatrical release
20: Taiwan - theatrical release
24: Kuwait, Malta - theatrical release
25: Chile, Germany, Hong Kong - theatrical release
26: Thailand - theatrical release
31: Egypt, Venezuela - theatrical release
June
1: Peru - theatrical release
7: Philippines - theatrical release
17: Japan - theatrical release
20: France - theatrical release
21: Belgium - theatrical release
30: Estonia - theatrical release
July
14: Poland - theatrical release
27: New Zealand - theatrical release
August
8: Indonesia - theatrical release
18: Greece - theatrical release
September
1: India - theatrical release
December
22: Japan - video release
2001
March
1: Bulgaria - video release
POSTER TAGS
A hero will rise.
What We Do In Life Echoes In Eternity.
The general who became a slave. The slave who became a
gladiator. The gladiator who defied an Emperor.
In this life or the next, I will have my vengeance.
Summer 2000 A.D.
ALTERNATIVE TITLES
Gladiaattori - Finnish title
Gladiador - Argentinean / Brazilian / Peruvian / Portugese
/ Venezuelan title
Gladiateur - French Canadian title
Il gladiatore - Italian title
Gladiatorul - Romanian title
Vijeta - Hindi Indian title
LINKS
SEE ALSO
Ben-Hur [1959]
Star Wars [1977]
Star
Wars Episode V: The Empire Strikes Back [1980]
Star
Wars: Episode VI - Return of the Jedi [1983]
Time Bandits [1981]
Blade Runner [1982]
Hamlet [1996]
FOOTAGE INCLUDED IN
Movie Mistakes
Uncovered Uncut... [2002]
REFERENCES
MAGAZINES
DVD Review no.20 [2000] pp.16-19 [UK]
illustrated article [The First Action Hero]
Empire no.111 [September 1998] p.11
note
Entertainment Weekly no.539 [12 May 2000]
pp.26-31; 47-48 [USA]
article [Chairman Of The Sword by Chris Mashawaty]; review [Fight Club
by Lisa Schwarzbaum]
Entertainment Weekly no.570 [24 November
2000] p.51 [USA]
review [Roman Holiday by Ty Burn]
Movieline vol.11 no.8 [May 2000] pp.68-73
[USA]
interview with Ridley Scott [The Real Fight Club by Stephen Rebello]
Rolling Stone no.841 [25 May 2000] pp.81-82
[USA]
review [by Peter Travers]
NEWSPAPERS
Svenska Dagbladet 19 May 2000 [Sweden]
review [Storslagen pojkfilm med intressant kejserlig psykopat by Kristoffer
Leandoer]
KEYWORDS
gladiators, rome, the afterlife, tigers, chariots, emperors
Last Updated:
8 July, 2007
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